YOUR JOB-SEARCH STRATEGY

 

  

          A job search does not mean that you are starting all

            over again.  You are simply changing.  To live is to

            change. You do, however, have a blank page in front of

            you that requires immediate attention.  Consider yourself

            an author.  The strategic plan is your story outline; get

            it down on paper.

                              --Words from this chapter's final paragraph

 

 

     Winston Churchill's comment about Americans in general applies often to displaced managers searching for re-employment: "You can always get them to do the right thing, after they've exhausted all the other possibilities."  Time wasted in pursuit of "all the other possibilities" will be shortened significantly by simply having a strategy for your job campaign.  Strategies for individuals or organizations presuppose a sense of purpose, a statement of mission, a goal.  Another prerequisite to strategic planning is strategic thinking; "Think before you plan" is as important a guiding principle as "Look before you leap."

     Strategic thinking begins with the question, "What sets me (or "us," or this specific organization) apart?  The answer to that question is a statement of your comparative advantage.  You are wise to build on your differences--those advantages you have over others--which serve both to set you apart and enhance the strengths you may have in common with others.

     It all begins with you and ultimately depends on you.  Although you will need the help of others, you can, if necessary, "Outplace Yorself," to use the title of Charles Logue's book, subtitled: Secrets of an Executive Outplacement Counselor (Bob Adams, 1993).

     There are many good books that can assist you in the step-by-step detail of building your strategy.  Several that I would recommend are: Knock 'Em Dead: The Ultimate Job Seeker's Handbook, by Martin Yate (Bob Adams, 1994);  In Transition, by Mary Lindley Burton and Richard A. Wedemeyer (Harper Business, 1991); Parting Company: How to Survive the Loss of a Job and Find Another Successfully, by William J. Morin and James C. Cabrera (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1991); and What Color Is Your Parachute?, the best-seller by Richard Nelson Bolles (Ten Speed Press) with a new edition appearing virtually every year since 1970.  A note in the 1993 edition indicates that more than 4.4 million copies of this "practical manual for job hunters and career-changers" have been sold over the past two decades.

     These books are loaded with good advice, drills, and diagrams.  They will work best for you if you work through them in the company of others--in reading-and-discussion groups of two or three, or in weekly support groups that can be found almost anywhere in America today.  If you read them in isolation (normally not a good environment for you, except during your reflective, self-assessment stage), you are likely to become bored, confused, and perhaps discouraged; you will be tempted to skip some strategic steps and go on to prove Churchill right again.  You should read at least one of these or other practical, how-to-do-it manuals before you write out your own personal goals statement, followed by your own step-by-step strategy--your personal business plan for getting back in business again.

     As I indicated at the opening of this book, my intention is to put a compass, not a roadmap, in your hands.  The books I've just listed are more like roadmaps; they lay out the practical do's and don'ts of resume-writing, networking, telephoning, interviewing, and negotiating.  And they are written by experts whose advice is worth heeding, and whose assessments of the relative worth for you of alternate job-seeking strategies will be helpful.

     What I want to do in this chapter is relay to you strategies recommended by men and women who have been there before you, the participants in my study.  I will also let you know what books they found helpful during their own transitions. And I will be dotting the landscape of this chapter with some suggestions of my own, derived from my own reflections on what I've learned in the course of this study.  From here on, you have to think and act strategically.

     Step One--the first thing you have to do--is a personal, written statement of who you are.  Step Two is a description of what you want to do.  If both of these are to be sure-footed steps, they must be taken with care and they will surely take time.

     Reflection on who-you-are will be difficult for those who have succumbed to what I labeled back in Chapter One as the great American heresy: what you do is what you are.  And you will recall the unfortunate conclusion, drawn from that proposition by many who lose their jobs, is that "doing nothing" means that you are nothing (and the whole world now knows it!).  Step One requires that you reduce to writing a simple statement of who you are without reference to what you do, have done, or may do.  Here you will have the opportunity to do what several I mentioned earlier in this book did, namely, identify a closely held personal value and use that value as a searchlight and criterion for selecting your next job.  If you find it difficult, at first attempt, to reduce to a sentence or two a statement of who you really are without reference to what you do or have done, try writing a more extensive "work biography," consciously including descriptions of what you have done.  But when you have that before you, cull out of it the values that are really yours, the principles that are yours wherever you may be, the wisdom you have gained that now can serve as a window on your inner self.

     "What are you trying to prove, and to whom?" is the question transitioning executives hear from Donald Perkins, former chairman of Jewel Food and now a senior adviser in the Chicago office of Jannotta, Bray.  He does this to encourage a client to cut through the brush and move on to the who-am-I? and what-do-I-want-to-do? questions.

     Words applied by John Naisbitt and Patricia Abdurene to organizations are even more applicable to individuals: only a person "with a real mission or sense of purpose that comes out of an intuitive or spiritual dimension will capture people's hearts.  And you must have people's hearts to inspire the hard work required to realize a vision" (Re-Inventing the Corporation, Warner, 1985, p.22).  So probe your deeper dimensions, here in Step One, to mine from within yourself the elements of your Step Two mission statement. If it emerges from within, it can shore up your own heart for the hard work of realizing your vision, and "capture" the interest, and possibly the heart, of someone who could hire you according to your plan.  This important point is given a very practical extension by the observation of an ousted division manager who obtained a vice presidency in the chemical industry: "People fail to find work because they try to 'sell' their experiences and accomplishments without translating these personal assets into the 'value added' the prospective employer would gain by hiring them."  The work of identifying your assets and translating them into "value added" language is part of your Step One activity.

     The second step is also time-consuming.  It amounts to the composition of a personal mission- or goals-statement--"Here is what I want to do."  It is wise to take time at this juncture to come to terms with the question of whether you really prefer to work for yourself or for someone else, and if you are not going to be your own boss, whether you prefer a large or small organization.  This kind of reflection led one of my participants to conclude that he wanted "to build smaller fires and have more balance in my life."

                   Ends, Means, and Resumes

     There is nothing wrong with keeping a mission statement general, broad enough to cover many possibilities within the area defined by your general goal.   Specification can be supplied by a supplemental statement of particulars, known, of course, to yourself, but not necessarily shared immediately with readers of your resume. 

       This is an ends-and-means situation.  The "particulars" can be so tightly linked to your goal that they are not just means (stepping stones) to an end (the goal), but ends in themselves.  Or the "particulars"--e.g., your desire to live in the Middle Atlantic States, work in sales management, and be employed in the telecommunications industry--can be immediate objectives to be achieved on your way to the ultimate goal--e.g., top management in a Fortune-500 company.  After careful assessment of your values, interests, training, experience, temperament, vulnerabilities, needs, and preferences, you state your goal.  For example, your goal (or as those who use the terms interchangeably would say, your "objective") might be "a senior-level management position."  Your mission in the world of work may be to hold a senior financial-management position in a not-for-profit organization, or be a chief operating officer in a financial services corporation.  You may want to put your strong suit--e.g., human resource management--to work in transportation, perhaps, or in higher education; and you may want to say so explicitly.  You can sharpen the description of your general goal--senior-level management--and specify it on your resume. You can, if you wish, specify skill, sector, industry, and geography as part of your goal. Or, you can have just a general goal statement on your resume, and modify or add, as needed (word processors make this easy!), with information that will address the specific expectations of a potential employer.  It comes down to a question of when (and, since letters and resumes must necessarily appear in print) where you want to highlight your comparative advantage, that which sets you apart--apart, in the present example, from those who are also seeking senior-level management positions.

     One of the authors I mentioned earlier in this chapter, Martin Yates, offers readers of Knock 'Em Dead an excellent suggestion for an add-on sheet to the normal resume.  He calls it the "Executive Briefing."  On a single sheet of paper you list on the left side the company's stated requirements for the job to be filled.  On the right side, you list your experience in a point-by-point match-up of your skills with the potential employer's specific needs.  Yates recommends that you attach an Executive Briefing whenever you send out your resume.  That, by the way, will force you to research carefully the firm and the vacancy before you apply.

     Perhaps the Executive Briefing device could have prevented the following mistake.  Here is an example of one man's "objective" as stated in a "Personal Marketing Plan" reduced to a single sheet for review by potential employers--"Objective: An advertising agency account management position in which I can apply my OTC [over-the counter] drug advertising and marketing expertise."  He then lists his "skills and experience" in advertising ("copy strategy development; TV, print, radio production; media planning, buying; copy and consumer research; people management/motivation"); and in marketing ("marketing plan development; new product development; trade and consumer promotion; advertising copy evaluation; presentation to senior management").

     Next, he lists in "bullet" style four "Key Accomplishments"   in both advertising and marketing, and names the advertising agencies he has worked for and the accounts he handled.  Reaction from his support group to all this was negative.  "Don't you realize that no ad agency anywhere is hiring anyone your age these days to do what you propose to do here?" was the candid question raised by a good friend (thus fulfilling the old adage that "the best mirror is an old friend.")  This close friend happened to have had years of senior-level ad agency experience in human resource management. 

     This is not to say a "Personal Marketing Plan" succinctly stated is not a good idea; this particular plan was simply was not the right idea for this job-seeker.  The example also illustrates the understandable tendency we all have to define our potential in terms of our past achievements.  This can be a strategic error, even for one who wants to remain in the familiar territory of past employment success.  This tendency can blind a person to other possibilities where skills and experience from the past can fit nicely into new opportunities in previously unexplored fields.  

     Job-seekers typically labor over the preparation of their resumes and many are never comfortable with the result.  Should it be chronological, date specific, narrative format, more than one page, achievement-focused, or what?  I favor the idea of an "overlay" sheet--a crisp, descriptive summary of who you are and what you've done--that could easily serve to introduce you if you were giving a speech. Attach it as a cover page to your formal resume, which can be formatted in whatever style and length you select as best for introducing yourself to a potential employer.  The how-to-do-it books will give you many examples of model resumes, from one-page career highlights to a full curriculum vitae.

     Here is an example of a succinct "cover-page" statement that worked well for one of the participants in my study:

                             NAME

                            ADDRESS

                             PHONE

I am looking for a company, or division of a company, that is not happy with its current revenue or profit growth, or is simply in trouble.  I seek a CEO, COO, or Senior V.P. position.  Areas in which I have demonstrated special strength are: profit improvement, sales, marketing, product development, brand identification, manufacturing improvement, and cost reduction.  I have a consistent record of improving operating results and bringing companies to a position of national market leadership.  I am a strong leader and motivator of people.  My experience includes acquisitions, new ventures (both high and low tech), divestitures and closures. International assignments are welcomed.  I headed the international company at Ameritech.

 

My most recent position was as COO at Maxwell Macmillan where in a period of fifteen months we were able to bring an unprofitable, troubled business to a point where it was an attractive acquisition.  The business was sold at a profit.

 

If you need additional information, please  call--[outplacement office and home numbers].

This brief summary accompanied a full four-page resume.  The writer eventually moved into the presidency of a small company.

     It will not surprise you to learn that an accountant was one of the more effective strategic thinkers and planners among the  executives I interviewed.  After a top-level, commendation-studded executive career for 25 years with the Internal Revenue Service, this man left government to become a banker in the private sector.  His timing for the exit from the IRS was fine, but not for subsequent entry into the presidency of a Savings and Loan operation.  He soon found himself unemployed, without pension or benefits, as the Resolution Trust Corporation shut down his banking operation.

     His first step after the separation: time off to think.  He stimulated his thinking process by reading What Color Is Your Parachute?  "All of my 32 years in the workforce had been in the area of accounting, finance, taxes, and management.  I had done quite a bit of volunteer work for charitable and not-for-profit organizations and found the experience most rewarding.  So, after giving it a lot of thought, I set out to find a job from my heart and not my head.  I decided to focus on the not-for-profit sector."  It took him three months to find one--executive director of a church-related publishing operation with 125 employees and an annual budget of over $8 million.

                   Fitness of Mind and Body

     From the outset, looking for work was a full-time job for this man.  Since, by his estimate, 15 percent of the jobs were filled by respondents to advertisements (experts would drop that figure by two-thirds for senior managers), he spent 15 percent of his eight-hour search-day responding to the ads.  He belonged to five networking groups and made it a point "to be on someone's calendar each day of the week--to get in front of somebody and to walk away with four or five names."  He became friendly with a research librarian, "a walking encyclopedia," who helped him get background information on prospective employers.  Every Friday afternoon took him to a place in his suburban Chicago community where updated job listings from the schools were posted. The remainder of each Friday afternoon was spent filling out his calendar to make up a full schedule for his next 40-hour week.

     A two-mile run was on his schedule three days a week; both Mass and calisthenics were part of the daily regimen.  And for him, it worked. "I've never had a more satisfying job and have never been happier," he told me.  As others have remarked, the bright side of being pushed from the nest is finding that you still have wings! 

     A vice president for communications at a large food conglomerate lost his job at age 42 and had one full year's severance pay.  He spent "much time," he told me, "analyzing likes, dislikes, past history, goals, dreams."  And then he began "to explore again, at middle age, with the enthusiasm of a 20-year-old.  I read heavily in many fields, saw every old film I ever wanted to see, learned to play golf and rollerblade, indulged in long talks with family and friends--the kind we always mean to have but never get around to."  But all of this, he noted, "came on top of a 40-hour-week search for the right job," which took him three years to find.  Another respondent, out of work at age 56, "treated each day as if I were gainfully employed.  I appeared at the outplacement office before 9:00 each morning and did not leave until 5:00.  I made sure that each hour in between contributed in a defined way to the job-search process."  Within six months he had a new job with more responsibility and higher pay.

     An ex-IBMer, an accountant by training but a systems manager for the corporation, did none of the above and lost time and money as a result.  Not only did he not do any serious self-assessment, he neglected to check carefully before committing himself to a franchising opportunity that took him to a distant state and cost him $35,000 before he cut his losses after about a year.  He moved his family back to where they had lived before, and then figured out what he wanted to do.  His advice to any displaced executive sitting down to map a job-seeking strategy: "Focus on your education and past experience; they will always be part of you.  You may want to separate yourself from them altogether, but don't do that without first being convinced that they aren't going to work for you in opening up new opportunities."  He had never bothered to sit for his CPA, having stepped right out of college into the corporation to begin a successful career that lasted 22 years.  He could have stayed with IBM, as he had planned, to age 55 ("I always knew I wouldn't stay a second longer"), but at age 46 he "had grown tired of the culture" and decided to take an attractive severance while that window was still open.  (At IBM they now call this the ITO, the "individual transition option.")  After the franchising misfire and the return to his roots, it dawned on him that he really liked accounting and could succeed in private practice.  He took a CPA exam-preparation course, passed the test on his first try, framed his certificate, and went into business for himself.  "Happiness is being your own boss," he says contentedly.

     Two weeks after having lunch in New York with Kevin Dolan, an experienced human resources executive who is singularly  generous and effective in helping others find work, and who was himself, at that time, eight months unemployed, I received a  letter from him saying that reflection on our conversation prompted him to put on paper the "key lessons" he has learned while in transition.  These come from his personal job-search experience and also from running support groups for other job-seekers over the past four years.  He prefaced his list with the general observation that "anyone who is unemployed must avoid the debilitative feeling of hopelessness, powerlessness, loneliness, and little control of one's life"--the common experience of job-seekers.  He therefore "laid out a program to minimize these negative feelings as much as possible."  Here are his suggestions for "a solid job campaign that will allow one to maintain one's dignity and a positive upbeat attitude during the difficult transition of unemployment."  What follows in Categories I, II, and III is all Kevin Dolan.

 

Category I -- Personal Actions

Attitude--This is the most important aspect of a job search.  It is a time to grow, try new things, meet stimulating and exciting people, and smell the roses.  Recognizing it is a transition (it will end) and that it is a unique opportunity to do things that one cannot normally do while working can energize one to be excited about the job search and challenge.  A positive mental attitude is the key to a successful job search.

 

Spiritual--This is the province of prayer, church, ministers, soulmates, and inspirational meetings.  All are needed to maintain the positive attitude.  The extra time one has during a job search allows for some deep reflection on life and its mysteries.  I started most days with 20 minutes of spiritual reading and ended with 15 minutes of reflection at night.

 

Physical Fitness--While working, most of us don't have time to exercise properly.  Now there are no excuses.  It is important to set some goals here.  Mine were to lose between 15 and 20 pounds, and to walk 45 minutes a day at least six days a week.  I have done this and it gives me a feeling of control and success (weight loss).  It also keeps the mind in shape; nature is wonderful in uplifting one's spirit.

 

Mental Fitness--This is a great opportunity to read all those books you could never get to.  My goal was to read a new book every two weeks or two books a month on average.  I chose books that were inspirational, motivational, businesslike, and religious.  Some books that I have read include: Covey's The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People; Tichy's Control Your Own Destiny (Or Someone Else Will); Transitions by Bridges; Seven Story Mountain by Merton; Lester Thurow's Head to Head; some of the works of William James, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Thoreau; Sheehan's Personal Best, and numerous religious pocket books.  I have personally found that when I was feeling low or depressed, a nature walk and an inspirational book lifted my spirits tremendously.

     [The "nature walk" prescription recommended by Kevin Dolan and many others I met during the course of this study, reminds me of lines from one of Countee Cullen's poems: "And I am somewhere worlds away/ In God's rich autumn tinted lanes,/ Where heart at ease from life's dismay,/ My soul's high song beats back the rains."]

Financial Management--To assure peace of mind and avoid panic, I took out an extended home equity line to provide sufficient income

to ensure survival over a 12-month period of unemployment.  Additionally, a zero-based budget (critical items only) allows me to see exactly what a given month's shortfall is and how much I should be borrowing from home equity.  This is my fiscal conscience.

 

Family--Your relationship to both spouse and children is key to maintaining your positive attitude.  Regular family meetings are important.  You must always be honest and frank with your family, but you have to try to remain positive, optimistic, and in control offering reassurances about finances and job leads.  Without communicating false expectations about a job, you have to feel and act as if one is just around the corner.  You keep their spirits up by telling them about the people you are meeting and the network you are building.

Category II --  Outside Activities

Support Group--To keep your spirits up, you must have a support group or two. More than three groups is counterproductive.  Avoid becoming a support group "junkie," moving from group to group instead of developing your own wider network of personal contacts.  It is also personally uplifting to do some pro-bono, charitable work.

 

Friends and Acquaintances--This is a time to lean on your friends for moral support over lunch, coffee, golf, and meetings to develop network contacts.  Friends keep you sane and help you realize that you haven't changed.  Genuine friends will shine in this period.

 

Networking--This, of course, is a key element in your job-search strategy, although it is often over used, even abused.  It is important to learn how to network and not be intrusive or overbearing in the process.  Divide your network contacts into two groups: (a) Job Source Leads--persons who can connect you with decision makers, or are themselves decision makers; and (b) Stimulating People--real friends, soulmates, clergy, psychologists, anyone who can make you feel good and lift your spirits.  I set goals of 10-15 new network calls a week, usually resulting in a half dozen future meetings; the rest (those with whom meetings were not arranged) received a letter and my resume.  One or two of my weekly appointments are with friends or "inspirational" contacts as a means of keeping the spirits up.  I know that outplacement firms often recommend that 15-20 networking calls be made each day, but I would be wary of overload and burnout. Be sure, after each appointment, to send a follow-up letter of thanks.

 

 

Category III -- Overall Tips

Active Lifestyle--This is essential to a stimulating job search.  Sitting at home waiting for the phone to ring is debilitating; you should get out of the house every day, preferably to an office or to a desk with a phone.  Friends can be very helpful here--providing space, keeping you active, goal-oriented, and motivated.  This is the way to avoid feelings of loneliness and helplessness.  All you need is access (for just a half day, two or three days a week) to a desk, phone, and fax.

 

Pacing and Balance--Like any new job or endeavor, your transition activity requires that you learn to pace yourself and balance your time evenly across the spectrum.  This is not easy; it is also a matter of your unique, individual choice.  I found that I would normally go to my office in New York [space provided by former employer] three or four days a week and spend a day or two at home in New Jersey making appointments for the other days.  Having an answering machine at home, of course, helps a lot.

     Balance is so important!  You can burn out during a job search faster than you can under conditions of full-time employment.  That is why the spiritual motivation and personal reflection are needed to maintain your sense of wonder and appreciation of life even in this difficult time of transition.

    

     Kevin Dolan and others will suggest that, if you are a golfer, you should make time for the game during your job campaign. This is not just to weave new networking contacts, but to maintain a proper balance in your life.  I was amused by a comment about golf that novelist David Noonan puts on the lips of his character Jim Mooney in Memoirs of a Caddy (Simon & Schuster), and I'm grateful to New York Times book critic, Christopher Lehmann-Haupt for highlighting it in his review: "One of the appeals of golf is that you can do all the things you would normally do in a bar while engaging in an actual sport--you can eat, drink, talk and smoke cigarettes."  While in transition, you should use the game, if you enjoy it, for needed recreation but also as a context for reflection on yourself. Consider the game of golf as a metaphor for the course of you own career; it can be a lens for the examination of your life.  Golfers are by definition achievement-oriented; it is instructive to observe how they deal with success and failure on the course.  As a regular caddy at a country club about an hour's drive from New York City, Jim Mooney, the novel's 17-year old narrator, has become something of a judge of character viewed through the framework of a player's conduct on the course.  Here is how he sizes up one Sean Butterworth: "Sean was a good golfer with a bad temper that kept him from being a great golfer.  Great golfers expect to make bad shots now and then and when they do they learn from them and then let them go.  Not Sean.  He hated bad shots and when he made one he got mad at himself and the world and cursed and threw clubs and talked to himself and got all worked up and then, very often, followed the first bad shot with another just as bad or even worse.  The energized calm that golf required, the relaxed tension of it, eluded him.  He wanted to kill the ball."  

     You can learn a lot about yourself from your approach to the game of golf.  Some job-seekers learn that it is better to leave the clubs in the bag and just go for a long walk!

                       Personal Finances

     Dolan and others warn that you must be careful about personal finances.  In addition to looking for work, you have to talk to creditors, reduce expenses and be realistic.  Know with precision what your fixed and variable expenses have been over the past year or so.  Be realistic as you look at the year ahead.  For instance, if the winter months are approaching, you know that higher fuel bills are coming.  Don't use last October's gas bill to estimate your monthly outlay; use December.  This is some of the practical advice for the jobless Mary A. Malgoire, a financial planner, gave in an interview with The Washington Post (October 21, 1990). "And if you use oil, take the number of gallons from last year, but use this year's prices."  The next step is to total up your liquid or near-liquid assets, including severance pay, and divide that total by your monthly expenses.  There you have the number of months you can manage without new income.  If it is not too late, negotiate with your employer for generous severance, outplacement services, help with the health insurance premiums that you will otherwise have to pay yourself, and technical assistance on how to handle the tax implications of what you do with your pension plan.

 

     Be sure to talk to creditors and prepare yourself for pleasant surprises.  The wife of an out-of-work manager told me she will shop at Sears as long as she lives "because they were so human and helpful in carrying us, without penalty, over a very difficult year."  Your creditors are interested in you and your money; they will only alienate you and lose the money if you and they are unable to "work something out."

                 "Professionalize" the Search

     You will have noticed already that conflicting, not necessarily contradictory advice will come your way.  What works for some might not work for others.  What some recommend as an essential early step might be recommended as a later move by others.  You have to decide what's best for you after consideration of what has worked for those who have travelled this road before you.  However you choose to sequence the process, be sure to "professionalize" it.  That's the advice of  a veteran executive search consultant who spoke to me of the advice he gives to the typical displaced male manager: "When you lather up tomorrow morning, look at yourself.  You can't let yourself say, 'I'm not important anymore.'  So professionalize the search process for yourself.  Take it as a challenge.  Get your employer to provide you with space, secretary, and fax.  Whatever you do, don't do it at home!"  One of the participants in my study, a very senior partner in a national accounting firm, reported that he "maintained professionalism" after forced retirement, and this was key to his successful transition.

     The sad fact of the matter is that the interval between jobs is lengthening for many managers.  Patience, as well as professionalism must be maintained, and adjustment to the search strategy must be made by longer-term job seekers.  An article in the business section of The New York Times (July 18, 1993) speaks of "the after-18-months strategy."  Craig E. Schneier, a management consultant, is quoted: "A year is almost some sort of grace period; a prospective employer is willing to attribute that to a tough economy.  But 18 months is when it starts to get dicey.  You need some strategies to crawl out of the hole that time puts you in."  One of the recommended strategies is to do something other than looking for work.  This is not to suggest that you give up the search, but continue it in harness with other productive, although uncompensated, work--volunteering your services to a charitable organization, for example, and using your professional skills in that volunteer activity.  "If all you've done is stand in the unemployment line," says Mr. Schneier, "it's going to start to show."  If, however, you've professionalized your search to the extent of making time for unpaid community service that uses the same skills you are trying to market, you can, after 18 or more months of unemployment, have something positive to show when you present yourself for an interview.  Otherwise, both you and your search show all the signs of failure.  

     From the ashes of your own discontent, confusion, anger, and injured pride, you now have to build your reconnection strategy.  You know that Step One is self-assessment and Step Two is drawing up your mission statement.  All the steps that follow need not fall in ordered sequence; circumstances will suggest different steps at different times for different persons pursuing their individual job campaigns.

     Dick Wedemeyer, co-author of In Transition, the book I recommended above, thinks it is a good idea not only to view yourself as a "corporation," but to appoint for yourself a "board of directors."  I would recommend this step as a good strategic move. I heard Wedemeyer discuss this idea in a presentation he made to about 50 white-collar job-seekers assembled in a mid-town Manhattan corporate auditorium, where they meet once a month to listen to an expert and share ideas.  Your board of five or six "directors" does not have to meet. They are "there" for you, however, individually at the end of a phone line at any time; or, if you really perfect this art, you can convene them by conference call to get their reaction to whatever you propose about yourself and your job plan.  Boards do not manage; they oversee management and set policy.  You can benefit from the reaction of firm but friendly overseers to you and any or all elements of your strategy.

     Inviting others to react to you is a humbling, but necessary strategic step.  One person who did this learned that "I had a frown in my voice" when speaking on the phone.  The suggested remedy: "Install a mirror near your phone and check often to make sure you are smiling when you talk to anyone who doesn't know you well, but who might help you find employment."  Solitary self-assessment cannot detect that sort of thing; frank reaction from a trusted friend to you and to the way you "come across," can.  This is what George Herbert must have had in mind when he remarked, "The best mirror is an old friend." 

     Your board of directors will be particularly helpful if you are at all inclined toward opening a franchise or going into business for yourself, particularly in a recession.  Hesitancy about laying out such plans, with all the numbers, is a sure sign that you haven't given the matter sufficient thought.  And that's what boards are for: to make sure your plans are well thought out, that you are not undercapitalized, that you have not underestimated the length of your sales cycle, before you go into business for yourself.

     Similarly, having one of your board members as an editor (and spell-checker!) of anything you commit to paper is a good idea.  This is more common-sense, standard operating procedure than basic strategy, but it is insurance against the embarrassment (that's two r's and two s's) of misspelled words, grammatical mistakes, and poor style.  Elimination of the "uhm's," "ah's," "you know's," "like's," "I mean's" and "stuff"

from your oral presentations will not happen unless a friendly critic rings some kind of a bell for you upon hearing them.  Grammatical errors, "just between you and I," are the spoken equivalent of bad breath in a job interview.

     Within the comfort and confines of a support group, you can "role play" the job interview.  This is always beneficial, even moreso when recorded on videotape so that you can function as your most severe critic.  But the criticism you need should go beyond style into substance.  For example, one job-seeker I tried to assist was good with words, but not-so-good at keeping his partisan political prejudices, really ideological biases, to himself.  If you are an ideologue, you should avoid, during a job interview, discussion of government policies and their impact on the economy (even though you are convinced that those policies cost you your job).  The man I have in mind could not resist bad-mouthing current political leadership and praising the defeated persons and party of the previous administration.  It had not occurred to him that he ran the risk of alienating an interviewer whose political points of view, not to mention biases, were not congruent with his own.  Instead, I encouraged him to read the business press and current business authors, like Emshoff and Handy, so that he could build a mental file of topical points for intelligent conversation about business and its environment. The objective is to impress, not alienate, the interviewer.  Sometimes you need a friendly critic to keep you from forgetting that.

     It is also good strategy for the job-seeker (and good sense for anyone intent upon broadening his or her ensemble of skills) to practice writing.  Let your written sentences fall like pebbles to the ground, someone once advised me.  This means direct, concise, crisp, clear writing.  If you possess that skill, it will serve you well on a daily basis in any managerial position. Letters, memos, speeches, discussion papers, occasional articles and even books--these are arrows in the executive's quiver, implements in the managerial tool-kit.  An executive with whom I discussed this study told me that he looks for writing skills in persons he hires and uses the following procedure to evaluate their potential for writing well.  At the conclusion of the interview, he invites the candidate to sit down at a desk in an outer office to "write a summary paragraph or two of the highlights of our conversation; I'd like to be sure we have a clear mutual understanding of what we discussed and I'll keep what you write as part of the record of our meeting."  He does this for two good reasons.  First to find out whether or not the

job-applicant can, unassisted,  write well.  Second, to see if the person thinks clearly and really grasped the essentials of the conversation. 

     Readers of the novel, The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit, will recall the  interview the job-seeking protagonist Tom Rath had at the United Broadcasting Corporation.  He met with "a fat pale man sitting in a high-backed upholstered chair behind a kidney-shaped desk with nothing on it but a blotter and pen."   The interview concluded with the question, "Can you write?"  The startled applicant was given a typewriter, a cubicle and one hour to write his "autobiography."  "Write anything you want, but at the end of your last page, I'd like you to finish this sentence: 'The most significant fact about me is...'" 

     So, although the idea may not be altogether original with the executive who described for me his way of screening candidates, I mention his unusual but not unfair practice by way of encouraging job-seekers to hone their writing skills.  You never know!  Among those you select for service on your "board" or membership in your support group should be persons capable of critiquing your writing.

     Practicing your communications skills fits right in with advice conveyed to job-seekers by a short note in the Wall Street Journal's "Labor Letter" (May 11, 1993) under the heading: "Stay Active, personnel professionals advise the unemployed."  The newspaper surveyed outplacement consultants, executive recruiters, and personnel managers who suggest that "people out of work should do volunteer work, take classes, learn a new language" and give some thought to "making speeches, lecturing at schools and contributing to industry publications."  If you include writing-for-publication in your job-search strategy (understanding "publication" to include op-ed essays or just letters-to-the-editor), you may find yourself with an impressive piece of published writing to append to your resume or job-application.  That can work to your comparative advantage by clearly setting you apart from other applicants.

     Keeping your board of directors in place, at least for awhile, after you return to work is a good idea.  Many reconnected managers live in fear that separation is going to happen again.  Dick Hanscom, Director of Operations of the Career Initiatives Center in Cleveland, told me that one CIC client found a job but waited six weeks before telling Dick of his good fortune.  His reason?  Fear that he would lose the job or prove not up to it.  Dick's advice for dealing with this fear is to find a "mentor" in your new employment setting and also keep in touch with a support group--the board of directors idea.

     You may not need a board of directors or consultants to advise you in the financial aspects of your search, but the availability of that kind of advice has been helpful to many.  Refinancing your mortgage can be facilitated by seeing knowledgeable friends before you talk to the bankers.  An important piece of the financial question is your estimate of what you need and want by way of salary and benefits from your next employer.  Although no one linked his or her thinking in this regard to the reported Japanese practice of often reducing compensation for older workers, some of the job seekers I spoke to, whose most recent employment was very highly paid, acknowledged a willingness to work for considerably less.  They reasoned that top jobs for them were more likely to open up in smaller firms and the pay levels would not be what they had received in the recent past. But their homes were clear, their children out of college, and only their pride, not their reasonable need, urged them to seek top dollar.  Once free psychologically to work for less, they became enthusiastic about taking jobs with fewer perks and lower salaries.  A constant in the compensation calculus, however, is the need for adequate, lifetime health insurance if the person is returning to a payroll, or a sufficiently high income stream to afford full health coverage, for those planning to free-lance or otherwise go it alone. 

     One of my respondents, age 52, who lost his position as vice president and treasurer of a college, advises those willing to listen not to cut themselves off from others in their field, "no matter how secure your position seems to be."  Keep debt down and, when you lose your job, "be prepared to accept less in dollars so that you can establish a platform for a serious job search."  He thinks that "too many outplacement advisers are telling people to wait for the six-figure opportunity."  You won't get that advice from Bill Morin who says a good working principle for the job-seeker is "take a job to get a job."

     The "how-to-do-it" books go into much detail about salary negotiations for your next job.  I found considerable unease in the minds and hearts of job-seekers as they anticipated having conversations on this point with prospective employers.  They typically wanted the job more than they wanted the best possible salary for doing that job, and they feared losing the job opportunity by naming an excessive salary expectation.  They also were familiar with the conventional wisdom that the one who specifies a number first, loses the salary negotiation.  And, of course, no one wants to be "taken" in salary negotiations.

     My suggestion to an anxious job-seeker in these circumstances would be simply to say to a prospective employer at the opportune time, "Look, you know what the market is these days and what this position would typically command; perhaps you feel you are unable to meet that number right now.  I know what that number is too, and maybe I'd be willing to work for you for less.  My house is clear; my kids are out of college. My needs are not what they were five years ago.  So lets try to settle on a number right now and agree to look at it again in six months, when you'll have a better measure of my 'value added,' as well as a better handle on your ability to pay."  

     Another factor to be considered when you size up the organization you might decide to join for the next stage of your career, is the likelihood of change in the composition of the Board of Directors or those in top management to whom you will be reporting.  The probability of involuntary separation rises dramatically when a senior-level manager finds him- or herself reporting to a new CEO or working with a reorganized board.  You should be wary of walking into a situation where personnel changes at the higher levels could mean derivative turnover that could affect you.  Although most of your strategic thinking and decisions center primarily on you, your needs, and what you bring to a new employment situation, you cannot afford not to survey your prospective employer for present fit and future stability.

     Many transitioning executives speak of the need to watch personal expenses, trim vacation plans, reduce entertainment outlays, and defer maintenance on automobiles and other property.  One, however, turned this belt-tightening tendency into a do-it-yourself, confidence-building strategy.  "I continued my regular work schedule and fitness routine," he told me.  "My average workday was 10 hours.  I curtailed entertainment and did cost-saving things like cooking and car repairs in order to build my confidence and extend my ability to live well without income."  Resourcefulness along these lines should be part of any job-search strategy.  You have to stay social; you can't drop out.

     "Fishing with my sons" was an element factored into his transition strategy by one man.  "I'm glad I decided to do that," he told me, "because we had never fished together before and we continue to do it now that I'm back at work."

                  Read Your Way Back to Work

     Books should be factored into your job-search strategy.  Some books will provide how-to-do-it help focused on the specifics of preparing your resume, presenting yourself in interviews, negotiating salary, and avoiding pitfalls along the way.  Other books will broaden your outlook, deepen your self-understanding, and sharpen your awareness of what is happening in the world of work.  Let a good librarian, not just a job counsellor, be your guide, and use the library to keep up with newspapers and periodical literature, particularly the business and technical journals.  If, by the way, you want the job seeker's equivalent of one-stop-shopping for practical information, ask your reference librarian for the  1131-page Job Hunter's Sourcebook: Where to Find Employment Leads and Other Job Search Resources, edited by Michelle LeCompte (Detroit: Gale Research, Inc., 1993).  Bob Adams, Inc. publishes a "Job Bank" series--e.g., The Carolina Job Bank, The Los Angeles Job Bank, and about 20 others that provide current and comprehensive information for job-seekers in specific geographic areas. 

     As promised, I will pass along to you now, information about some of the reading my interviewees have found helpful.  I will cluster book titles, with brief comments on their contents, under headings that correspond to the main themes of this book--the self you serve, spousal support, dealing with discouragement, the relevance of religion, and the new corporate culture.

     THE SELF YOU SERVE will be helped enormously by one or all of the three books mentioned earlier in this chapter.  What Color Is Your Parachute? A Practical Manual for Job Hunters & Career Changers, by Richard Nelson Bolles (Ten Speed Press) drills home the point that you must come to grasp and fully appreciate: "Know your skills.  Know what you want to do.  Talk to people who have done it.  Find out how they did it.  Do the homework, on yourself and the companies, thoroughly.  Seek out the person who actually has the power to hire; use contacts to get in to see him or her.  Show them how you can help them with their problems.  Cut no corners, take no shortcuts."  This book was mentioned more than any other by those I interviewed, and given high marks for its practical utility.

     Richard A. Wedemeyer and Mary Lindley Burton drew on their experience with the Harvard Business School Club of New York's Career Development Seminar to co-author In Transition (Harper Business).  Believe them when they say, "The biggest factor in the success or failure of your job search is your state of mind."  And read what they have to offer by way of practical advice so that you can connect your steady-state, positively-oriented mind with an effective, pre-tested search strategy.

     Parting Company: How to Survive the Loss of a Job and Find Another Successfully (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich), written by William J. Morin and James C. Cabrera, the two top executives of the outplacement firm of Drake Beam Morin, draws valuable information from, as the authors say, DBM's "knowledge base," and puts it all in one place, between the covers of this helpful book.  The authors are "career continuation consultants" who have found that despite the changing corporate climate, "one thing has remained the same: the reaction of a person who loses a job."  You may see yourself in the person they describe.  "Almost everyone encounters shock, anger, and surprise, plus a psychological inability to deal with these unpleasant emotions and a host of practical problems connected to finding a new job or choosing a new direction."  Their book addresses these practical problems.

     If you are not ready to go immediately to the practical, try John W. Gardner's Self-Renewal: The Individual and the Innovative Society (Harper), a short widsom-packed paperback.  This book first appeared thirty years ago, so the author was clearly ahead of his time in saying, before the word "downsizing" was coined, that "top management can put its finger on almost any function within the organization and decree that henceforth that function will be performed by an outside organization on contract."  This book will help you understand an important point: "In the ever-renewing society what matures is a system or framework within which continuous innovation, renewal and rebirth can occur."  It will also help you figure out how to become part of that system, and how to function within that framework.

     Many of my respondents praised Stephen R. Covey's The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People: Powerful Lessons in Personal Change (Simon & Schuster).  This is a book to be read with  felt-tip pen in hand (as, for that matter, are all books that belong to you and not to a library or one of your friends!), so that you can underline the basic argument.  It is not by any means abstruse, just a bit involved as it traces out for you a "character ethic," buttressed with seven basic principles, around which you can organize your life.

 

     SPOUSAL SUPPORT will be more readily forthcoming and sustained during the job-search if Deborah Tannen's You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation (Ballantine) is read and appreciated.  The author is a professor of linguistics, whose work rests on solid psychological grounds.  I would recommend that "His" and "Hers" copies (the book is inexpensive) be read separately by each partner, taking care to underline   for the other what each thinks the other needs to know.  In effect, with the exchange of the underlined copies, each can say to the other, "Here, this is what 'You Just Don't Understand' about me and the way I converse with you."

     One couple I worked with during the course of this project highly recommend John Gray's Men Are From Mars, Women Are From  Venus: A Practical Guide for Improving Communication and Getting What You Want in Your Relationships (HarperCollins).  Forget about the subtitle and just consider what you might learn from the text appearing under these several headings: "How Men Unknowingly Start Arguments," "How Women Unknowingly Start Arguments," "When He Needs Her Approval The Most," "How To Express Your Differences Without Arguing," "Giving Support At Difficult Times."  And there are many more.  The woman in the couple that brought this book to my attention "had no idea" that all men, including her husband, needed occasionally to "go to their caves," to withdraw.  Nor did he realize that she, like other women, is like a wave.  "When she feels loved," says Gray, "her self-esteem rises and falls in a wave motion.  When she is feeling really good, she will reach a peak, but then suddenly her mood may change and her wave crashes down.  This crash is temporary.  After she reaches bottom suddenly her mood will shift and she will again feel good about herself.  Automatically her wave begins to rise back up."

 

     DEALING WITH DISCOURAGEMENT may require that you put yourself on The Road Less Travelled, M. Scott Peck's book that is  subtitled: A New Psychology of Love, Traditional Values and Spiritual Growth (Simon & Schuster).  Peck is a psychiatrist who acknowledges that at an earlier stage in his life, "during the process of giving up my desire to always win [at games] I was depressed.  This is because the feeling associated with giving up something loved--or at least something that is a part of ourselves and familiar--is depression.  Since mentally healthy human beings must grow, and since giving up or loss of the old self is an integral part of the process of mental and spiritual growth, depression is a normal and basically healthy phenomenon.  It becomes abnormal or unhealthy only when something interferes with the giving-up process, with the result that the depression is prolonged and cannot be resolved by the completion of the process."  A number of my respondents found this book to be quite helpful. 

     Also helpful is Gilbert Brim's Ambition: How We Manage Success and Failure Throughout Our Lives (Basic Books).  A theme that runs throughout this book is the need we have to live in a way that keeps us at a level of "just manageable difficulties," a phrase Brim borrows from the psychologist Nicholas Hobbs.  Failure to do that can generate a lot of discouragement.  A technique for keeping difficulties manageable is what Brim calls, "scaling down the dream."  I have often thought of this in terms of facing up to the tyranny that can come upon us from the promises we make to ourselves.  Brim concludes a chapter on "Changing Levels of Aspiration" with these words: "Some aspirations are of little importance to us, and we can reduce them with ease.  Others mean more to us, and we may never get over our failure to fulfill them.  Psychiatrists may say that giving up part of our lives should cause mourning over the loss.  This may indeed happen during the transition, and may last longer than that in some cases.  But the more likely emotion is joy at finally ridding ourselves of hopes that have turned heavy with disappointment.  In the end it is relief, not grief, we feel as we relax into a state of lowered ambition."

 

     THE RELEVANCE OF RELIGION came through in a variety of ways during this study, as the contents of Chapter Six can attest.  Religious books, notably the Bible, were mentioned often, and within the Bible, the Psalms and Book of Job were mentioned most frequently.  The Bible is a source, as I noted in Chapter Eight, for principles that, once internalized, can guide a life as well as a job-search.  With the spiritual needs of job-seekers in mind, I edited 125 of the 150 Psalms for a book that borrows its title from the 27th Psalm: Take Courage; Be Stouthearted: Psalms

of Support and Encouragement (Sheed & Ward).

     This is an area where near-religious and explicitly religious "little books" are both treasured and traded within support groups.  The respondent whose religious commitment I described as "Main Street traditional" in Chapter Six, lives by Russell H. Conwell's tiny tract Acres of Diamonds (Jove Books/Berkley Publishing Group).  This executive freely distributes copies to job-seeking friends so that they can get Conwell's motivational message to, in effect, "bloom where you are planted."  The story is based on an Arab tale about a man who sold his home and property to search for a diamond mine, only to die a pauper never knowing that the property he sold rested atop an "acre of diamonds." 

     Jean-Pierre de Caussade's Abandonment to Divine Providence (Doubleday Image Books) is a Christian classic that speaks to the soul of the troubled believer who is invited by this booklet to accept its basic proposition: "All will be well if we abandon ourselves to God."  This and another short book, Daily Readings from the Cloud of Unknowing (Templegate), are distributed like business cards to job-seekers by a senior executive who has himself been through several involuntary separations.

     An ex-IBM executive told me that he has personally given away about 200 copies of Fenelon's Let Go (Whitaker) and Granger E. Westberg's Good Grief (Fortress), books that he found helpful in managing the emotional and spiritual crisis his unemployment produced.

     He Leadeth Me (Doubleday Image Books; now available from Georgetown University Press) is a spiritual reflection, a "testament of faith," written by an American Jesuit priest, Walter J. Ciszek, who was "convicted" of espionage in Russia in 1941 spent 23 years in Soviet prisons and the labor camps of Siberia.  "Through the long years of isolation and suffering," writes Fr. Ciszek, "God had led me to an understanding of life and his love that only those who have experienced it can fathom.  He had stripped away from me many of the external consolations, physical and religious, that men rely on and had left me with a core of seemingly simple truths to guide me.  And yet what a profound difference they made in my life, what strength they gave me, what courage to go on!"

 

 

     THE NEW CORPORATE CONTRACT is a phrase I heard often as displaced managers mumbled about the "contract with corporate America" being broken.  I mentioned earlier, James R. Emshoff's The New Rules of the Game: The Four Key Experiences Managers Must Have to Thrive in the Non-Hierarchical 90s and Beyond (Harper Business), a book I read after conversations with Emshoff and recommended to others as a source of informed "talking points" for managers preparing for job interviews.  Management "closer to the ground," which also means "closer to the customer," is not trendy, but a genuine new trend that has explanatory value at either end of the hiring-firing decision process.  In other words, this trend could serve to explain your release as well as explaining your prospects for re-employment. 

     A book that influenced Emshoff and many others is Charles Handy's The Age of Unreason (Harvard Business School Press). The writer is British, a fact that may provide helpful perspective for his view of corporate America.  He writes: "The new organization will seek to bind its core executives to itself for as long as it thinks it needs them.  The new executives, however, will be less ready to be tied, particularly if they have some sort of qualification as a passport.... Companies...will be reluctant to guarantee careers for life to everyone, even in the core.  More contracts will be for fixed periods of years; more appointments will be tied to particular roles or jobs with no guarantee of further promotion.  The help-wanted pages of the papers already reflect this trend: the advertisements offer a job more often than they promise a career."

     A book with an industry-specific starting point but written to broaden the thinking of displaced executives who consider themselves wedded to that one industry, is Career Alternatives for Bankers (Magellan Press), co-authored by William King, Dean Graber, and Rebecca Newton, and "sponsored by" the American Bankers Association.  The first 100 pages of this book convey helpful advice to anyone, not just those with career backgrounds in banking.  The applicability of banking skills to opportunities in other fields covers more than half of this book and ranges from "banking outsourcers" through education, government, real estate, insurance, self-employment and other possibilities.  Included to stimulate the thinking of the more venturesome reader is a "Directory of Outsourcers and Other Companies Selling Products and Services to Banks."

     I heard many job-seekers refer to John Lucht's Rites of Passage at $100,000+ (Viceroy); its lengthy subtitle--"The Insider's Lifetime Guide to Executive Job-Changing and Faster Career Progress"--provides a hint that is confirmed in the first chapter.  "As an upwardly-mobile executive, there's a good chance that sometime during your career you'll be involved with all the 'professions' that move executives around.  Therefore, it's worthwhile to take this once-and-for-all-in-a-hurry opportunity to see how you should deal with each to best serve your self interest, which often does not match theirs."  Although helpful to the out-of-work executive, this book is more suitable for those who are fully employed but anxious to move onward and upward, often with the assistance of executive search consultants.  Readers will get the promised "insider's" look at the different ways recruiters work; they will also be introduced to a variety of search techniques that can be implemented on their own.  Displaced executives will find much to help them in this book.  In my view, most helpful of all for the ousted executive attempting a rebound will be the hard-headed assessment of what works and does not work in "Networking: Pursuing the People You Don't Know" (Chapter Four).

     Intended to help you think ahead is Reengineering the Corporation by Michael Hammer and James Champy (Harper Business). The central thesis of the book is "that American corporations must undertake nothing less than a radical reinvention of how they do their work."  Read it so that you can understand what is happening out there and thus be more likely to reconnect with an organization that is not standing still.

                  Put Your Thoughts on Paper

    You have heard it said often, no doubt, in this age of nutritional awareness, "You are what you eat;" you are familiar with the good advice about diet, cholesterol, and calories associated with that dictum.  Consider, as you are laying out your job-search strategy, that it is not too wide of the mark to suggest that "You think what you read."  So look around for reading material that can keep you thinking, not just strategically about your job campaign, but deeply about the meaning of life.  The point of mentioning this here, of course, is to acknowledge that there should be a place for scheduled reading time in the structured day your search strategy imposes on you (and in all the days that follow, once you are back at work but still in need of intellectual broadening and mental nourishment).

     Your strategic Step One statement of who you are, composed after reflection and self-assessment, might well take the form of a "Letter to Myself," for your eyes only, if you want to keep it that way, or shared with others as you wish.  You should read it once a month during a job search, and this for two reasons: to see if your activities are consistent with who you say you are; and to consider if more recent reading and reflection may now prompt you to make revisions in this personal base-line document.

     Step Two of your job-search strategy also requires that you reduce your thoughts to writing, in this instance stating clearly what you want to do. This is the statement of your mission.  It is a more "public" document, even though personal and brief.  For you personally and privately, it can function as a foreword in your search-strategy "playbook," the longer list of strategic steps you intend to take.  Your desk-calendar should now become for you a planning tool, as quantifiable goals--contacts made, people interviewed, books read, miles walked, journal entries made, days off--are specified and written down.

     A job search does not mean that you are starting all over again.  You are simply changing.  To live is to change.  You do, however, have a blank page in front of you that requires immediate attention.  For every question running through your mind, look for an answer from within.  Consider yourself an author.  The strategic plan is your story outline; get it down on paper.  Don't succumb to "writer's block."  Start working on that story now with the unshakable conviction that there is someone, somewhere, not just interested in what you have to say, but ready and willing to "buy your book."